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標題: 『每日軍事武器鑑賞』－ RC-12 「護欄」戰術偵察機 [列印本頁]
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:50
標題: 『每日軍事武器鑑賞』－ RC-12 「護欄」戰術偵察機
Guardrail Common Sensor





The Guardrail Common Sensor [GR/CS] is a Corps Level Airborne Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) collection/location system that integrates the Improved GUARDRAIL V (IGR V), Communication High Accuracy Airborne Location System (CHAALS), and the Advanced QUICKLOOK (AQL) into the same SIGINT platform -- the RC-12K/N/P/Q aircraft. Key features include integrated COMINT and ELINT reporting, enhanced signal classification and recognition, fast Direction Finding (DF), precision emitter location, and an advanced integrated aircraft cockpit. Preplanned product improvements include frequency extension,


computer assisted on-line sensor management, upgraded data links and the capability to exploit a wider range of signals. GR/CS provides near real-time SIGINT and targeting information to Tactical Commanders throughout the corps area with emphasis on Deep Battle and Follow-on Forces Attack support. It collects selected low, mid, and high band radio signals, identifies/classifies them, determines locations of their sources, and provides near-real-time reporting to tactical commanders. The system uses an integrated processing facility (IPF) which is the control, data processing, and message center for the overall system.

[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-4-7 10:56 AM 編輯 ]
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:51
Each system consists nominally of twelve aircraft which normally fly operational missions in sets of three. Up to three airborne relay facilities (ARF)/aircraft intercept communications, noncommunications emitter transmissions, and gather LOB and TDOA data. They then transmit this data to the IPF. The ARF/aircraft also serve as the relay platforms for communications between the IPF and the supported commands. The typical system configuration uses one Integrated Processing Facility (IPF), two or three Airborne Relay Facilities (ARFs), approximately nine (up to a maximum of 32) Commanders Tactical Terminals (CTTs), and an Auxiliary Ground Equipment (AGE) van. Special Purpose Equipment (STE) vans are included for maintenance and troubleshooting.

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:51
This system incorporates the Communication High Accuracy Airborne Location System (CHAALS) to achieve target locations for its COMINT system, and CHALS-X, which is a continuation of the project which developed the CHAALS precision location subsystem currently in GR/CS systems 4 and 1. The CHALS-X system provides the targeting capability required to support the Division Commander's requirements to locate and kill the enemy by providing for precise location of High Value Targets (HVTs). Airborne systems mixed with ground based systems will be capable of precisely locating enemy weapon systems and units (regardless of whether the enemy uses conventional or modern radios) producing target locations sufficiently accurate for first round fire for effect by organic artillery. It utilizes the previously developed Time-Difference-Of-Arrival/Differential Doppler (TDOA/DD) techniques and incorporates advances in electronics state of the art and distributed processing to provide for improved capabilities; increases frequency range, adds frequency hopping radios to the target set, and decreases size/weight/power requirements of processing subsystems (3 racks of computer equipment now reduced to two boxes which fit into a standard 19 inch rack).

GR/CS Targeting accuracy is also provided by the ELINT system. Ground to ground (including CTT) communications links also provide an interface with fixed locations and tactical users. Automated addressing to CTT field terminals provides automated message distribution to tactical commanders in near real time. Planned improvements include expanded COMINT/ELINT collection, LPI capability, embedded training, CTT(3 channel) retrofit, and automated reporting.

The Radio Remote Receiving Set (AN/ARW-83) is commonly referred to as the Airborne Relay Facility (ARF). The ARF consists of equipment installed in a modified Beechcraft Super King Air aircraft with a military designation of RC-12. The ARFs are manned only by the pilots during a mission. ARF mission equipment is remotely controlled by operators in the Integrated Processing Facility (IPF). The Guardrail systems currently in service include the Guardrail V (RU-21H aircraft), the Guardrail Common Sensor Minus (RC-12H aircraft), and the Guardrail Common Sensor (RC-12K/N/P aircraft). Guardrail Common Sensor (GRCS) combines the Improved Guardrail V (IGRV) Communication Intelligence (COMINT) sensor package with the Advanced Quicklook electronics signals (ELINT) intercept, classification, and direction-finding capability, and a Communication High Accuracy Airborne Location System (CHAALS). GRCS shares technology with the Ground-Based Common Sensor, Airborne Reconnaissance Low, and other airborne systems.

GRCS comprises a series of special purpose detecting systems - AN/USD 9B thru E. The GRCS systems are tactical, remotely controlled, airborne mission equipment, and ground-based intercept and emitter location systems. They have an external near real-time reporting capability that can be operated in six modes (local, isolated, remote, interoperable, training, or maintenance/calibration). These systems are assigned to a B company, military intelligence battalion, aerial exploitation, as part of a corps military intelligence brigade.
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:52
The GRCS System 1, AN/USD-9C, and System 2, AN-USD-9E, are the latest addition to this family. They have the additional capability to operate worldwide via the GRCS Tethered Medium Earth Terminal (TMET) and the Direct Air to Satellite Relay (DASR) Aircraft (RC-12Q). Other major system improvements are:

The new UNIX-based work stations.
Faster (Micro 5) mainframe computers.
The fiber-optics distributed data interface (FDDI) local area network (LAN).
The GRCS Data Distribution System (DDS), elementary special signals processing.
The GRCS Integrated Processing Facility (IPF) rapid deployment capability (two vans minimum vice four).
The entire system (less aircraft) will be C-130 transportable.
Information is processed and reported to joint consumers via TRIXS broadcast primarily over the Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT) which is a subsystem of the GRCS DDS.

A typical mission requires the aircraft to orbit to the rear and parallel to the forward line of own troops (FLOT). The IPF sends commands to and receives information from the Airborne Relay Facility (ARF) through a secure data link. The operators in the IPF process the collected information and report the intelligence to the tactical commanders and other possible joint consumers via the JTT relay on board the aircraft.
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:52
LIN / MODEL / Nomenclature Number of Operator PositionsMOS Z04118 -- AN/ARW-83 (V) 5-- Improved GUARDRAIL, AN/USD-9A Van #1:1198C, 98D, 98G Van #2:298C, 98G Van #3:498C, 98G Van #4:1098C, 98D, 98G    Z04300--AN/ARW-83 (V) 7--GUARDRAIL Common Sensor, Sys 1-- AN/USD-9C Van #1:1098C, 98G, 98J Van #2:1198C, 98G, 98J Van #3:798C, 98G, 98J, 98K Van #4:398G, 98J
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:52
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
Jun 84 Contract awarded for GR/CS Systems 3 and 4.
Dec 88 GR/CS (minus) System 3 fielded to Korea.
Jun 89 AC-12K Production award (System 1).
Aug/Sept 90 GR/CS Systems 1 and 2 IPF and ARF Production contracts awarded.
Aug 91 GR/CS System 4 fielded to USAREUR.
Apr 94 GR/CS FY94-99 Program and Acquisition Plan approved by HQDA.
Aug 94 GR/CS System 1 Fielded to FORSCOM.
REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT: ROC, 1 Oct 84, updated Nov 85 and revised in Apr 92.
TYPE CLASSIFICATION: GR/CS System #1 type classified LP.
EVENT SCHEDULE FISCAL YEAR
96
97
98
99
00
01
QTR
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
System 2
-----------
-----------
-----------
--1

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:53
PLATFORM CHARACTERISTICS:


                         RU-21H             RC-12D/H           RC-12K/N/P
Mission weight/payload:  10,200/1,126 lb    14,200/1,600 lb    16,000/2,000 lb
Cruise speed:            176 kt             200 kt             250 kt
Endurance:               4 hr               5(+) hr            5(+) hr
Max range:               1,000 naut mi      1,200 naut mi      1,200 naut mi
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:53

GUARDRAIL I
RU-21 [1971]
GUARDRAIL II/IIA
RU-21 [1972]
GUARDRAIL IV
RU-21 [1974]

GUARDRAIL V
RU-21 [1978]
GUARDRAIL V
RU-21 [1978]
IMPROVED GUARDRAIL V
RC-12D [1984]
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:53

GUARDRAIL I
RU-21 [1971]
GUARDRAIL II/IIA
RU-21 [1972]
GUARDRAIL IV
RU-21 [1974]

GUARDRAIL V
RU-21 [1978]
GUARDRAIL V
RU-21 [1978]
IMPROVED GUARDRAIL V
RC-12D [1984]

IMPROVED GUARDRAIL V
RC-12D [1984]
IMPROVED GUARDRAIL V
RC-12D [1984]
IMPROVED GUARDRAIL V
RC-12D [1984]

GUARDRAIL COMMON/SENSOR
(SYSTEM 3)
RC-12H [1988]
GUARDRAIL COMMON/SENSOR
(SYSTEM 4)
RC-12K [1991]
GUARDRAIL COMMON/SENSOR
(SYSTEM 1)
RC-12N [1995]
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:54

GUARDRAIL I
RU-21 [1971]
GUARDRAIL II/IIA
RU-21 [1972]
GUARDRAIL IV
RU-21 [1974]

GUARDRAIL V
RU-21 [1978]
GUARDRAIL V
RU-21 [1978]
IMPROVED GUARDRAIL V
RC-12D [1984]

IMPROVED GUARDRAIL V
RC-12D [1984]
IMPROVED GUARDRAIL V
RC-12D [1984]
IMPROVED GUARDRAIL V
RC-12D [1984]

GUARDRAIL COMMON/SENSOR
(SYSTEM 3)
RC-12H [1988]
GUARDRAIL COMMON/SENSOR
(SYSTEM 4)
RC-12K [1991]
GUARDRAIL COMMON/SENSOR
(SYSTEM 1)
RC-12N [1995]

GUARDRAIL COMMON/SENSOR
(SYSTEM 1)
RC-12N [1995]
GUARDRAIL COMMON/SENSOR
(SYSTEM 2)
RC-12P [1998]
GUARDRAIL COMMON/SENSOR
RC-12Q [1998]

Auxiliary Ground Equipment (AGE) Van
Flightline Test Set
AN/ARM-163(V)
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:55
SYSTEM SUMMARY
FEATURES:
Components:
' 12 x RC-12 aircraft
' 4 x IPF vans
' 3 x IDL trackers . CTT
Sensors:
Advanced QUICKLOOK ELINT collection & DF
COMINT coll & DF
Comms High Accuracy
Airborne Location System
Flexibility:
' Remote relay capabilityC
' Scaleable system for rapid deployment
' Aircraft is self deployable
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS:
' LOS coverage 450 km from aircraft
' Mission altitude: 20,000-30,000 ft
' Endurance: 5.5 hrs
' Data link range: 150 mi LOS
Targets:
' Communications emitters
' Jammers
' Noncomms emitters


PRIME CONTRACTOR: ESL (Sunnyvale, CA)

Beech Aircraft (Wichita, KS)


SUBCONTRACTORS:
ESL; Sunnyvale, CA
Beech Aircraft; Wichita, KS
ESCO; St. Louis, MO
IBM; Owego, NY
UNISYS; Salt Lake City, UT


Deployment
One GR/CS system is authorized per Aerial Exploitation Battalion (AEB) in the MI Brigade at each Corps. Guardrail provided collection coverage along the inter-German border from 1972 through 1990, in Korea from 1974 to the present, and in Central America from 1983 through 1994. Two systems deployed to Southwest Asia during Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM. GRCS (Minus) was fielded to Korea in 1988. The first GRCS system was fielded to Europe in 1991, and the second was fielded to XVIII Corps in 1994 with a remote relay capability that allowed forward deployment of aircraft while the ground processing facility remains in CONUS. As of May 1996, one system remained in Korea, one system was in Europe supporting Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR, the XVIII Airborne Corps system had deployed in support of the combined exercise Atlantic Resolve, and the fourth and final GRCS system is in the Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase in California to be fielded in FY97.



(文章來自：舊型電子偵查系統）
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:55
情報收集技術漸趨過時　五角大樓考慮開發新技術 (14/07/2003)


隨著美軍的那些舊式的情報偵察機技術逐漸過時，美軍在戰場上捕捉敵方電波的能力也越來越弱。各軍兵種依靠情報協同作戰的能力也受到了戰場情報偵察技術的限制。因此，提高美軍的戰場情報搜集能力成為了五角大樓所要解決的緊要問題。

據外電報道，五角大樓與美國國家情報部門的代表此前對提高美國目前的情報搜集能力和開發新型情報偵察技術等問題進行集中研究之後，五角大樓已經與美國國家情報部門達成一致意見，認為各部門要協調運行，必須開發新型的情報偵察技術與系統。因此，美國已經暗示將會集中精力對現有的情報搜集系統進行改革。

五角大樓的高官與美國情報部門的官員目前正在討論一個名為"變換空間飛行專案"(Transformation Space Air Project)的新型情報偵察專案，打算對現有的美國情報搜集系統進行審查。據一名瞭解內情的官員稱，"變換空間飛行專案"的功能有望在間諜衛星和情報搜集航行器之間取得一定的平衡。

另外一名情報部門的官員稱，五角大樓與情報部門的聯合研究涵蓋了技術情報收集的各個層面。間諜衛星可以搜集到那些現有偵察機無法抵達的區域，而偵察機相對于間諜衛星更具備靈活性，且技術容易升級。五角大樓與情報機構多年來一直想找到一個可行的方式能夠融合兩種手段的優點。

在過去的幾年當中，美國已經採取了一些措施將間諜衛星與偵察機綜合運用服務於情報搜集工作。例如，美軍可以綜合利用兩種手段來確定一個導彈發射器的確切位置等。另外，間諜衛星用自己的通訊系統可以通過關鍵字的辦法搜集到一些資訊，然後通知偵察機監控跟蹤某一個特定的目標。但美國情報部門的官員稱，目前的這兩種手段的融合還是不夠。

五角大樓目前也正在討論將美國海軍與陸軍一起納入下一代空中情報搜集專案行列當中，這一新型的專案被稱做航空通用感測器(Aerial Common Sensor，簡稱ACS專案)。航空通用感測器技術將要取代陸軍陳舊的RC-12"護欄"通用感測器飛機和諾斯羅普-格魯曼公司的低空偵察飛機(ARL)，這些飛機都是用於軍和軍以上部隊的空中情報收集任務。為此，美國海軍已經放棄了它用P-3取代原有EP-3的更新計劃，P-3是一種多工的海事偵察飛機。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-4-7 10:55
美國國會此前已經多次表達了對過時的EP-3偵察機技術的關注。美國眾議院情報委員會也正在敦促五角大樓改變對RC-135"鉚釘"(Rivet Joint)電子偵察機搜集情報的一些要求，為議院情報委員會指出，綜合考慮所有因素，這一系統還是最為實惠的。美國參議院國防委員會也指出，舊式的EP-3偵察機在不久的將來可能會出現某些問題，這一點五角大樓必須加以說明。

五角大樓的一些高層官員也認為，在未來戰爭當中各軍兵種之間必須在情報系統層面上進行更為密切的配合。負責情報工作的國防部副部長斯蒂芬-坎博內(Stephen Cambone)指出，各軍兵種至少在配備的情報搜集系統方面必須是一致的。

美國海軍總部於上個月舉行了一次會議，但目前還沒有得到結論下一步應該採取什麼樣的舉動，主管官員表示要到明年才能開始研究是否加入航空通用感測器情報搜集系統的問題。但業內人士指出，美國海軍方面已經做好準備，打算加入航空通用感測器情報搜集系統。

與此同時，美國陸軍也在推動航空通用感測器系統的建設，這同時也可以推動海軍在不久的將來做出決定加入航空通用感測器情報搜集系統。陸軍方面有望於本星期之內收到其合同承包商洛克希德.馬丁公司和諾斯羅普.格魯曼公司就此專案所提出的報告與設計。(



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