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標題: 《未來航母》CVX-78 尚未命名:最新型航空母艦 [列印本頁]

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:24
標題: 《未來航母》CVX-78 尚未命名:最新型航空母艦
CVX-78

CVX-78 尚未命名航空母艦






原文:
The CVX is a new ship class that is the second and long-term part of the Navy's two-track strategy for aircraft carrier recapitalization. The Navy's vision for CVX is to develop a new class of aircraft carriers to significantly reduce total ownership cost and incorporate an architecture for change and flexibility, while maintaining the core capabilities of Naval aviation (high-volume firepower, survivability, sustainability and mobility) for the 21st Century and beyond. Achieving this vision will require significant design changes to incorporate advances in technology and to focus the design on enhanced affordability since little carrier research and development has been undertaken since the 1960's.

The Joint Requirements Oversight Council approved a mission needs statement (MNS) for a New Tactical Aviation Sea-Based Platform for the 21st Century, the CV(X), in March 1996. Among the potential alternatives that may compete with CV(X) in meeting the operational requirements of the MNS are the Mobile Offshore Base (MOB) and the Arsenal Ship, as well as land-based aircraft. For CVX purposes, in terms of aircraft spots, large is considered a ship carrying approximately 80 aircraft , medium a ship capable of carrying approximately 60 aircraft, and small is a ship capable of carrying approximately 40 aircraft.

The Navy's FY 1999 plan for CVX includes $40 million in RDT&E funding for feasibility and trade studies supporting CVX design and a Milestone I decision. The FY 1999 request for CVX also includes $149.5 million in RDT&E funding for the development of critical technologies. These R&D efforts include: advanced technology catapult, advanced propulsion concepts, enhanced survivability features, integrated information management technologies, automation for reduced manning, and computer aided design tools. These critical technologies are started in FY 1999 to ensure that CVX can reduce the total cost of ownership of its aircraft carriers and meet its required Initial Operational Capability date of 2013, when the first CVX is slated to relieve the 52 year-old Enterprise (CVN 65).
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:24
續:
CVNX-1 will feature a new design nuclear propulsion plant leveraging three generations of submarine reactor technology. The requirement for a new nuclear propulsion system reflects a need for a reduction in manning, maintenance, acquisition, and life cycle costs. This new powerplant will enable CVNX-1 to meet the large-scale electrical demands predicted for 21st century shipboard technology. A new electrical generation distribution system will also be a critical feature of the CVNX design. This feature will result in immediate warfighting enhancements in several areas:


Survivability. A redundant grid electrical system will enhance damage control features. Electrical auxiliary systems will require reduced maintenance and allow the ship to utilize all generated electric power more effectively than the current design, where the carrier cannot always efficiently access all power available.

Availability. Reduced maintenance and greater reliability will enable CVNX-1 to have a greater availability in reduced shipyard periods.

Flexibility. The advanced electrical features of this new powerplant will allow for the rapid reconfiguration of CVNX-1 to utilize advanced technologies, as they become available.

The tentative goals with CVNX-1 will also include a further reduction in operating costs and manpower requirements from CVN-77.


CVNX-2 will be the culmination of the evolutionary carrier design program started with CVN-76. Key features of CVNX-2 will include an electromagnetic aircraft launching system that will have reduced manpower and maintenance as well as lower wind over deck requirements for aircraft launch and recovery. This system will also extend aircraft life, as peak loads on the airframe will be reduced. This design utilizes technology similar to that used by European rail systems to propel ‘bullet’ trains. The benefits will be freeing the catapults from dependence on ship-generated steam, as well as an increase in available energy and a major reduction in both weight and volume. Consideration had been given to an internal combustion catapult that would utilize a combination of JP-5 and an oxidizer to propel the launch assist mechanism. A drawback to this system was the separate storage and piping systems required for the oxidizer, as well as the drain on JP-5 resources. CVNX-2 will be designed with modular architecture and systems that are reconfigurable to provide operational flexibility. CVNX-2 will have an advanced armor system to improve her combat survivability. Commercial systems will be adapted for use in ship operations, habitability, mooring, and maneuvering. An advanced weapons information management system will automate the process of weapons inventory control, weapons movement, and weapons deployment from the magazine to the aircraft. The long-term goals with CVNX-2 envision additional reductions in total operating costs and manpower requirements.
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:25
續:

The Navy remains committed to a 21st century aircraft carrier utilizing advanced technological applications. The goal is to create a sea based tactical air platform that not only retains the warfighting relevance of the NIMITZ class, but also is designed with architecture for change. This approach will allow the Navy to take advantage of maturing technologies that not only enhance warfighting capabilities but also provide opportunities to reduce life cycle costs. While this new ship will be the most advanced sea-based aviation platform ever deployed by the Navy, it will be an evolutionary progression of the current NIMITZ design. CVNX will have stealthier features than current carriers but will not be a completely stealth design. The stealth wave piercer design seen in speculative drawings is definitely not the shape of things to come.


The Navy has adopted an evolutionary design approach for future carriers, beginning with the CVN 77 as a transition ship and retains the Nimitz-class hull form largely unchanged through at least CVNX 2.

The FY2001 budget request included $21.9 million for advance procurement and advance construction of long lead time components for CVNX 1. The Navy's long-term plan is to provide full funding for CVNX 1 in fiscal year 2006. There are a number of castings for the large machinery associated with an aircraft carrier propulsion plant that have a very long production lead time. To maintain the schedule for CVNX 1 and deliver these needed pieces of machinery as required by the construction sequence, the Navy needs to obligate funds for some of these components in fiscal year 2001.

On 13 July 2000 the Senate authorized the Secretary of the Navy to procure the aircraft carrier to be designated CVNX-1. The Secretary may enter into one or more contracts for the advance procurement and advance construction of components for the ship, with $21,869,000 authorized for the advance procurement and advance construction of components (including nuclear components) for the CVNX-1 aircraft carrier program.
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:25
美國歷代航母服役年限表格:


作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:26
CVX-78電腦繪圖:


作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:26
CVX-78電腦模擬圖:








作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:27
Specifications(數據)
Builder
Power Plant
Lengthfeet
Beamfeet
Draftfeet
Displacementtons
Capacity
Speedknots ( mph)
Crew
Aircraft

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:27
Ships(同級航艦)
NameNumberBuilderHomeportOrderedCommissionedDecommissioned
CVX-78 Newport News 2006 2013 2063
CVX-79 Newport News 2011 2018 2068

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:28
武器專題:

美軍新一代航母CVX計劃


  為了滿足未來作戰要求,美國海軍從1996年開始啟動了CVX計劃,即新一代航空母
艦計劃。該計劃一啟動,就受到了從軍界到媒體,從西方到東方的廣泛關注。每當拋出
一種設計方案時,就要遭到媒體的「熱炒」。一時間,CVX計劃成為熱門話題——美國海
軍新一代航空母艦將會以什麼姿態出現在21世紀呢?


  在先期的計劃籌備階段,美海軍CVX計劃辦公室制定了特定的設計目標,包括:

  (1) 降低飛機對艦的輔助發射和回收的依賴;
  (2) 增加飛機架次率能力,以對付未來的威脅;
  (3) 改進C4I能力;
  (4) 減輕上層建築的擁擠設計狀態;
  (5) 達到同美海軍未來其它軍艦的高度通用性;
  (6) 減少人力需求。

  要求達到的戰技性能是:
  (1) 能夠準確投射高密度火力;
  (2) 具有良好的機動性和連續作戰能力;
  (3) 有高度指揮控制能力;
  (4) 增強生存能力;
  (5) 具有靈活性和潛在的增加作戰能力的能力;
  (6) 有良好的可承受性。

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:29
續:

 果然不負眾望,在以上設計目標和戰技性能要求的指導下,美國海軍設計出許多種CVX的方案,可見諸報端的就有21種(詳情請見《現代艦船》1998年第8期),從載機類型到動力形式到甲板類型,都進行了多方案論證和組合。

從1998年中後期到1999年上半年,還可隱約不斷地得到一些有關CVX計劃的消息,甚至傳出CVX計劃要下馬的消息。這真是霧裡看花。現在情況已經非常明朗,CVX計劃非但不會下馬,而且經過權衡,由最高領導層決策,CVX將採用核動力作為動力源,將CVX確定為CVNX,2006年動工,2013年服役。

為什麼沒有選常規動力,而選用核動力,其中定有原由。據筆者推斷,主要考慮到核動力的巨大戰術優點和繼續支持核動力事業的發展兩方面原因,此外,新的常規動力推進方案的研究、設計、試制、試驗到實際裝艦的費用難以承受也是重要原因

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:30
續:

 目前,美國新一代航母正處在效費比分析階段,對特定艦型尚未最後確定,仍然是
概念描述。但從已知的資料我們可以窺見美國未來新一代航母之一斑。


  美國新一代航母採用的一些技術如下:

1 船體
  CVNX的艦型基本在單體和雙體上選擇。海軍提出一種基本設計,在「尼米茲」級基
礎上經過改進,島轉移到中間,兩側對稱佈置了飛機著艦斜角飛行甲板;在兩條著艦跑
道的前端各設一條長的飛機彈射裝置,在首部設有兩條短彈射器,其中一條的前端設有
滑躍式起飛跑道,以滿足不同飛機的要求,其目的是為了提高飛機起降作業效率。此
外,還有另兩種候選船型。從已公佈的艦型上看,採取了隱身措施,島明顯變小了。

2. 改變了能量的彈射器
  1) 電磁彈射器:這是一種輔助彈射機構,它將利用由直線電機產生的行進電磁推動
飛機達到起飛速度。同當前使用的蒸汽彈射器相比較,電磁彈射器具有下述優點:不依
賴艦的主動力裝置,重量降低50%,容積減少65%,能量的加速和減速的廓線的可控性
大大增加了,還增加了可靠性和可用性,人力減少30%。這項技術類似其它國家用於推
動高速「子彈」車的技術,也可用於下一代的滾動的慣性運轉裝置上。
  2) 內燃彈射器:利用液體推進劑作為能源的一種輔助彈射機構,以代替蒸汽作能源
的蒸汽彈射器。其優點是削減了蒸汽系統的各組件,減輕重量,減小機身應力和維修
量。該技術類似汽車用的氣囊技術。

  3. 滑躍起飛
在飛行甲板前端安裝向上翹曲的起飛跑道,它將使飛機得到最佳離艦起飛角度。其好處
是降低起飛速度,增加飛機負載量和降低對甲板風的要求。


4. 武器自動選擇和移動
  這是一個綜合系統,包括程序、武器升降機、通道的佈置、信息管理系統、輔助決
策系統和減少人力的搬運系統組成的一個完整系統。其目的是增加武器的搬運量,增加
架次率和減少同武器搬運及儲藏有關的風險。


  5. 先進飛行作業管理系統
  這是一套信息管理和輔助決策系統,目的是促進制定任務計劃、飛行管制、飛機和
駕駛員加減負載信息、飛機調度、飛機發射和回收。可能包括一套同幾個在艦的重要部
位設置的固定式飛機加油站相聯繫的綜合航空工作中心。其優點是:改進航空安全、大
量減少人力需求、增加架次率、飛行甲板最佳化、減少飛機支援設備,更有效地維修和
機內服務,以及更加靈活的支持下一代飛機。

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:31
無人機對CVX的影響的研究正在進行中,有可能成為CVX的艦載航空聯隊的新成員。初步看來,採用混合編隊形式是可行的。隨著無人機技術的進步和完善,無人機的作用也會越來越大。

另外,為了提高未來航母艦載機武器的精確度,對機載武器進行了改進。未來的機載武器可能有:

  (1) 聯合空對艦打了不管的導彈(JASSM)。該導彈預計從290~300千米處攻擊敵指控
中心和地下指揮所。
  (2) AGM-154聯合打了不管武器(JSOW)。該武器將在敵防空火力網外面發射,目的
是消耗預先確定的目標上空的各種火力。
  (3) GUB-29/30聯合指揮攻擊彈藥(JDAM)。該彈藥的研製計劃分三個階段。首先給
MK-83、MK-84和BLU-109B炸彈安裝慣性導航系統和全球定位系統接收機;第2階
段是改進225千克的MK-82爆炸破片彈;第3階段是研製精度為3米的末端尋的器。


  現在我們再綜合地看CVX或CVNX,就好似濃霧已漸漸散去,輪廓日見明朗。但最後的方案是什麼?

2013年的CVNX將以怎樣的姿態擠身於21世紀主戰艦艇之中?

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:32
目前美軍最主要的航空母艦設計,是從一九六○年代發展至今,將近半個世紀高齡,已相當成熟的尼米茲級(CVN68,Nimitz CLASS)航空母艦,至二○○二年才最新服役的雷根號(CVN76,Ronald Reagan)為止,目前共有九艘同級母艦在美國海軍服役。雖然這一群排水量幾乎都超過十萬噸的龐然巨艦,曾經歷數十年的服役,並屢次參與戰役,已被證實是相當可靠的設計,但是面對二十一世紀全新的水面戰思考,尼米茲級航空母艦的舊設計,已顯得落伍。
  
  從一九九五年開始,美國國防部提出取代尼米茲級的全新航空母艦設計需求,這個計劃取名為CVX。目前服役的雷根號編號為CVN 76,美國國防部計劃在下一艘CVN 77航空母艦上面,實驗新式航空母艦的潛能。這艘過渡期的CVN 77,將採用尼米茲級航艦的船身和核動力系統,但是在艦身設計上,將會進一步驗證目前美國軍方所提出的下一代航空母艦新設計。

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:32
這些設計包括,全新低矮具有匿蹤性能設計的艦島,目前的設計可能將低矮匿蹤設計的艦島,分成兩個分別置於艦體前後,而以往艦島頂上龐雜繁複的天線雷達組,也將改為嵌入式設計,以符合匿蹤隱密要求。這個匿蹤低矮艦島設計,是未來CVN 77外型上最大的特徵。


另外美國為因應未來戰場的需求,於1996年已展開新一代核動力航母CVNX研製計畫,預陸續建造CVN-77、CVNX-1和CVNX-2航母,由「尼米茲級」航母平穩渡過到CVNX航母。2003年1月,美國防部對CVNX航母的發展進行了調整,將CVNX研製計畫的後兩步合併為一,並將此計畫更名為CVN-21。CVN-21將於2007年開始建造,2014年第一艘完成下水。

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-9-5 19:33
(完)

綜論本篇內容要點CVN-21航母總體設計目標歸納為下列幾點:


  (一)提高航空裝備的選用能力-這與飛行甲板支援保障能力、飛機彈射器與擋阻裝置性能、可靠性及飛機的妥善率直接相關。
  (二)提高戰場存活力-採用區域配電、結構防護、損管和集體防衛系統,提高CVN-21的抗損能力。
  (三)採用自動化控制技術,以降低維護與值班的需求,減少艦上員額編制。

   

針對美國海軍需求,CVN-21在整體設計上使用了很多創新的技術,在平台設計上、動力系統和隱身性能等都作了完整規劃,在艦員編制上CVN-21要比「尼米茲級」航母的3500人要少40%。
作者: at-9    時間: 07-9-6 00:35
在此補充

美國海軍於2007年1月16日宣佈將CVN-78命名為[Gerald R. Ford ]
以紀念在2006年12月26日晚間去世的美國前總統傑拉德·福特

以上




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