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Enhanced Fiber Optic Guided Missile (EFOGM)

增強光纖製導導彈



原文:
EFOG-M is a rapidly deployable missile system capable of defeating armored vehicles, rotary wing aircraft and other high value targets. As part of the Rapid Force Projection Initiative (RFPI), an ACTD "system of systems" composed of hunters and killers, EFOGM will have real-time connectivity to hunters (forward sensors), will be responsive via Force XXI C3I digitization, and will support JV 2010. The EFOGM system consists of a fire unit and tactical missile with a fiber optic data link. The 8-missile launch system is mounted on a High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), heavy variant.


The fire unit has four main components: HMMWV, gunner's station, launcher assembly, and equipment bay. The gunner's station is located on the passenger side of the HMMWV, and contains the missile launch controls, seeker video monitor, and battle command computer display. The equipment bay houses the ground electronics unit, video processing unit, power distribution unit, battle command computer, and system computer unit.


The missile is a terminal homing missile that utilizes a fiber optic data link to transmit and receive command and sensor inputs to find and defeat threat targets masked behind hills, in foliage, or in urban settings. The missile has a high resolution infrared video camera in the nose to provide the gunner with an unobstructed view of the surrounding terrain from the missile's perspective. Once launched, the missile utilizes inertial instruments to automatically navigate along a preprogrammed flight path up to 15 kilometers in length. The gunner can pan the missile's seeker to investigate targets of opportunity as the missile flies a non-ballistic flight path around or over obstructing terrain to pre-selected target areas. The gunner identifies and designates targets and assists in refining the missile's aimpoint on vulnerable locations of the target. EFOG-M enhances the Army's ability to dominate the ground maneuver battle through its tactical precision engagement capability.


In 1994 the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology (USD(A&T)) proposed an advanced concept technology demonstration (ACTD) of the fiber-optic guided missile (FOG-M) technology. The Army has made two previous attempts to develop and field a combat system based on the FOG-M technology. Each time the Army has failed, due to a combination of technology, cost, and operational concept problems. It is still unclear which combat arm should operate a fiber-optic guided missile and for what missions. Other concerns include target identification and acquisition, rate of fire, fire control, range, organization, and additional force structure requirements. Previously prepared organization and operational concepts documents have failed to adequately address these issues. Cost has also been a major concern.


The last Army effort was terminated when the cost of a single missile exceeded $400,000. This ACTD, unlike previous technology demonstrations, is designed to produce usable hardware even if the concept does not prove worthy of a large follow-on acquisition program. Even so, the cost of residual missiles and fire units will be extremely high (missiles and individual fire units may cost up to $500,000 each), and cost growth from initial projections is an all-too frequent occurrence.
 
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The EFOGM Program, a critical component of the RFPI ACTD, is an Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) and as such does not have a TEMP. Phase I of the ATD featured an Early Soldier Evaluation held in August 1995 at Fort Benning, designed to evaluate system ergonomics, safety, reload, stowage accessibility and to recommend design modifications. In June 1996, a Battle Lab Warfighting Experiment was conducted at Fort Benning, consisting of the Virtual Prototype Experiment (VPE) and the Operational Concept Validation (OCV). The VPE confirmed that mobile and stationary Phase I simulators replicate capabilities outlined in the ATD Plan, Phase I exit criteria. The VPE consisted of:

Captive flight testing at Redstone Arsenal
Simulated mission engagements at Fort Benning
Missile reload operations at Fort Benning


The OCV validated the EFOGM company employment concept as the baseline for the RFPI ACTD Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs). OCV consisted of multiple simulated system vignettes involving Dismounted Battle Space Battle Lab soldiers interacting with a simulated command and control structure.

The first two test missile slug launches were conducted in April and September 1997 at Redstone Arsenal. The slug launches have demonstrated missile hot launch capability, missile canister separation, initial fiber optic cable payout, deployment of missile wings and fins, integration of the missile inertial measurement unit, and data downlink from the missile via the fiber optic cable. Numerous operational performance issues await future testing ?either within the ATD or in subsequent formal OT&E.
 

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增強光纖製導導彈(EFOGM) ATD


 

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增強光纖製導導彈(EFOGM)




武器介紹:

【增強光纖制導導彈(EFOGM)】


1995年,雷錫恩公司贏得一項價值91.1百萬美元的增強光纖制導導彈系統演示合約,提供8套發射裝置(每套包括1輛裝有8根發射導軌的悍馬車)、2輛排長指揮車和34枚導彈(XMGM-157B)。另外,在1998~2000年為101空降師進行擴展用戶鑒定(EUE)提供所需的4套發射裝置、1輛排長指揮車和266枚導彈。在擴展用戶鑒定完成後決定是否進入小批量初始生產階段。EFOGM是一種安裝在悍馬車上的遠程導彈系統,可對付15km以遠裝甲車、直升機和靜止目標。該系統包括發射裝置(安裝在改進型重型悍馬車上),發射裝置包括射手控制台、導彈發射控制器、導引頭圖像監視器和戰鬥指揮計算機顯示器。
 

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武器專題:

在歐洲發展獨眼巨人導彈已有重大突破,美國國防部重新啟動光纖制導反坦克導彈研製項目(EFOGM),於1995年由雷錫恩公司承包,以攻擊武器發射平台為主。

  和獨眼巨人一樣,EFOGM裝有GPS/慣性制導及自主飛行裝置,需要時可加上直徑240微米的光纖,通過遙感作控制飛行。EFOGM以固體加力器由發射箱中射出,續航動力源採用固體火箭,飛行高度約300米,飛行速度125米/秒,射程15公里。EFOGM彈長1.9米,彈重45公斤,配備貫穿性彈頭,由上方攻擊坦克薄弱的裝甲部位。如同獨眼巨人一樣,EFOGM也可同時控制2枚飛行中的導彈。EFOGM使用一輛悍馬吉普車承載,其中配置包括一個射手座位、儀器櫃、發射架與8枚待射導彈。作為EFOGM項目繼續發展的補充,美國陸軍還展開了定名長腿蛙的多功能光纖制導導彈計劃,其射程達100公里,加裝紅外線與毫米波雷達雙感測器,由導彈與火控系統通過光纖雙向傳送信息,強化導彈穿透雲層或水蒸氣搜尋地面目標,減少紅外線能量衰減的效應,以獲得最佳的熱呈像效果。
 

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續:

 光纖的使用,使線導導彈產生革命性改變,拖著60-100公里長尾巴的導彈,可由車輛、船艦、直升機甚至潛艇等不同平台發射,一種導彈可用於打擊地面車輛、海岸工事、船艦與慢速空中飛行器等多種目標。光纖導彈需要在速度、射程作些提高,要使感測器的精度和對環境的適應性作些提高,但是將射手的眼睛「帶」到幾十公里外,挑選目標作精確打擊的武器樣式,這樣的武器正是對付各種靜止或低速威脅目標的終極答案。
 

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終:


光纖制導導彈在戰術運用上的優劣

  光纖導引導彈的導引原理之所以吸引人,是因為:操作者就像在導彈內操作一樣,但卻不會有生命危險。這也是它比第二代反坦克導彈所使用的半自動指揮至瞄準線導引系統更好的最根本原因。在實際動作上,操作手幾乎是「駕駛」著光纖導引導彈飛行,直到導彈擊中目標物為止,這種類似自殺飛機的導彈,可能是到目前為止最好的戰術導彈。

  發射前就已鎖定目標的主動尋標導彈是屬較精密者,但是,我們很懷疑在此運用上,是否需要如此精密的裝置,且其效率是否如光纖制導導彈的一樣好。除非是超出人類反應速度極限的作戰任務需要,否則,人為操作的光纖導引導彈要比任何一種自動導向式器系統能提供更大的適應力並對反制裝備提供更大的抗禦力。以下是光纖導引導彈的戰術運用上所具備的優勢:

  1.可以盲射攻擊不在瞄準線上的目標。同時在飛行中可以改變目標,且能精確地選擇彈著點。

  2.光纖導引導彈既與操作者同行,且在發射前無需先精確識別並追蹤目標物;因此,在理論上,沒有作戰距離的限制。另外,其攻擊命中率與攻擊距離無關,也是相當有價值的特點。

  3.由於操作者在導彈的整個飛行過程中無需持續瞄準,因此,射手的戰場生存率得到了保證,而且如果選擇發射後不管模式,射手可快速轉換攻擊目標,大大提高了戰鬥效率。

  4.光纖制導導彈的「智能」部分(也即探測與控制單元)大都集成在發射平台上,不會隨導彈的發射而消失。因此,導引系統的組件選擇不會受到成本與尺寸的限制。

  5.光纖制導導彈的高拋物線彈道可使操作者持續觀察目標區,這就意味著坦克利用地形掩護的戰術毫無意義。目前,頂部射擊被視為對付重型裝甲部隊的最佳方式。此外,導彈的彈道還具有減弱自然或人造戰場煙幕的功用。

  6.光纖制導導彈在飛行過程中不會發射訊號,光纖數據鏈也很難受干擾。

  當然,光纖導引導彈也有其自身缺陷,畢竟,這個世界上十全十美的武器是不存在的。造成這些缺陷的主要原因是現有技術難以突破的瓶頸,而不是光纖制導這個設計理念本身有問題:

  1.在近距離作戰情況下,導彈需要同時擁有兩種不同的彈道——平直低伸式彈道和拋物線彈道。一般而言,平直式彈道即便克服了技術上的困難,也仍舊沒有拋物線彈道的大部分優點。事實上,光纖制導導彈在採用平直彈道時並不見得會比現有的線導引半自動瞄準導彈系統有效。

  2.光纖的強度和質量決定了放線速度,進而決定了導彈的最大飛行速度。在目前條件下,光纖制導導彈的最大飛行速度不可能超過300-500米/秒;而且,即使這些困難能夠解決,人工導引系統也無法完成高速度的美夢。假設整個彈道過程的平均速度是200米/秒,且導彈以拋物線彈道飛行,那麼導彈要擊中10公里外目標,至少也得需80-90秒。
 

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