『每日軍事武器鑑賞』－ CH-53 「海上種馬」重型運輸直升機

克里斯Chris

The MH-53E Sea Dragon is one of the variants of CH-53, used primarily for Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM), with a secondary mission of shipboard delivery, deployed in 1983, replaced last of CH-53E in 1994. The MH-53E was derived from the CH-53E Super Stallion and is heavier and has a greater fuel capacity than its ancestor, as well as the engines turns into three General Electric T64-GE-416 turboshaft engines, 4,380 shaft horsepower each. The MH-53s can operate from carriers and other warships. Sea Dragon is capable of carrying up to 55 troops or a 16-ton payload 50 nautical miles or a 10-ton payload 500 nautical miles. The MH-53E is capable of towing a variety of mine-sweeping countermeasures systems, including the Mk 105 minesweeping sled, the ASQ-14 side-scan sonar, and the Mk 103 mechanical minesweeping system. Using helicopters in anti mine missions will reduce the risk of the troops .

MH-53E「海龍」是H-53系列中的一種改進型，主要用於空基反水雷任務(AMCM)，另外也用於運輸任務。該機1983年服役，84年替換了最後一架CH-53E。MH-53E由CH-53E改進而來，機體重量增大，載油量也大大增加，改用三台通用電氣公司的T64-GE-416渦軸發動機，單台推力4380馬力。MH-53以航母、兩棲攻擊艦或其他戰艦為基地執行運輸任務，一次能夠運送55名士兵或16噸有效載重飛行90公里，或運載10噸有效載重飛行900公里。執行掃雷任務時，MH-53可以拖帶一個綜合多功能掃雷系統，外形類似一條雙體小船，攜帶有多種探雷設備和掃雷器械，包括MK105掃雷滑水撬、ASQ-14側向掃瞄聲納、MK103機械掃雷系統。使用直升機執行反水雷任務可以減少掃雷人員可能遇到的危險。

The MH-53J Pave Low III is a modified version of the HH-53 Super Jolly Green Giant helicopter used extensively during the Vietnam War for special operations and rescue of combat personnel. During past space programs, the HH-53 was on duty at the launch site as the primary astronaut recovery vehicle. Under the Air Force's Pave Low IIIE program, nine MH-53H's and 32 HH-53s were modified for night and adverse weather operations and designated MH-53Js just like those in the following photos.

　　更先進的MH-53J「鋪路III」(下圖)由HH-53改進而來的。HH-53曾是越戰中主要的特種作戰運輸直升機，在航天計劃中也曾經用於將宇航員從返回艙中運送到艦艇上。美空軍為提高特種作戰戰鬥力執行了「鋪路III」計劃，9架MH-53H和32架HH-53被改進成了適合全天候作戰的MH-53J。

克里斯Chris

HH-53 Assault Transport Helicopter is the variant of CH-53, developed in 1968, widely used in rescue mission during Vietnam war. It turned to use 2 General Electric T64-GE-7 turboshaft, 3,435 shp each. HH-53`s crew are two pilots and an engineer on board and it can load 38 troops. For self-defence in misson, HH-53 is equipped with 7.62mm Minigun and .50 inch machine guns. Check the two photos of HH-53E below.

1968年研製開發的HH-53突擊運輸直升機是CH-53的改型，越戰中被廣泛應用於突擊救援任務。它改裝了兩台單台推力3435馬力的T64-GE-7渦軸發動機。HH-53的機組成員為兩名飛行員和一名隨機工程師，機上可運載38名士兵。HH-53配備了用於自衛的7.62mm「迷你岡」加特林機槍和若干12.7mm機槍。下面兩圖是HH-53。







HH-53 gunner firing 7.62mm minigun and a pilot was now save to have a cigarette. HH-53的射手用7.62mm「迷你岡」掃射，一位脫險的飛行員現在能好好抽根煙了。

克里斯Chris

A photo of CH-53G of Germany Defence Force 德國CH-53G型圖片：



該機的旋翼系統為全鉸接式7片槳葉旋翼。槳葉扭轉角14°。每片槳葉有鈦合金大梁，Nomex蜂窩芯和玻璃纖維環氧樹脂復合材料蒙皮。槳葉裝有大梁充氣增壓裂紋檢查裝置。槳轂由鈦合金和鋼製成。旋翼槳葉用液壓動力折疊。裝有標準的旋翼剎車裝置。4片鋁合金槳葉的尾槳安裝在向左傾斜20°的尾斜樑上。主減速器安裝在座艙上方的整流罩內，起飛額定功率為10067千瓦。

機身水密半硬殼式結構，由輕合金、鋼和鈦合金製成，隔開的駕駛艙部分用玻璃纖維/環氧樹脂復合材料製成。旋翼、減速器和發動機整流罩廣泛使用凱夫拉復合材料。尾斜梁用液壓動力向右折疊。機身能承受垂直方向20g和橫向10g的墜毀力。海鷗翼式水平安定面高置在尾斜梁右側，有撐桿支撐。水平安定面和尾斜梁用凱夫拉復合材料製成。可收放的前三點式起落架。每個起落架都是雙輪。主起落架收到機身兩側翼梢浮筒的後部。前起落架可操縱轉向。

該機使用3台通用電氣公司T64-GE-416渦輪軸發動機，單台10分鐘最大功率為3266千瓦，30分鐘平均功率為3091千瓦，最大連續功率為2756千瓦。在兩個翼梢浮筒的前部各有一個自密封軟油箱，容量為1192升，還有一個附加的雙室油箱，容量為1465升，機內燃油量達3849升。CH-53E可選裝吊掛在翼梢浮筒外側的可拋副油箱，兩個副油箱總容量為4921升。有可伸縮的空中加油探管。駕駛艙容納3名機組人員。CH-53E座艙內沿艙壁和座艙中間佈置的折疊帆布椅可坐55名士兵。座艙右前側有艙門。後部跳板式艙門用液壓操縱。典型的貨運載荷包括7個標準的102厘米×122厘米的貨盤。中央吊鉤可吊運16330千克貨物。

液壓系統中使用4個液壓泵，系統壓力為207×105帕，用於總距、週期變距、橫滾、偏航和桿力增加飛行控制伺服機構、起落架收放、裝貨絞車，裝貨跳板，槳葉與尾斜樑折疊。發動機起動器使用的液壓壓力為276×105帕。MH-53E使用單獨的液壓系統操縱機載掃雷設備。電氣系統包括3台115伏400赫40～60千伏安交流發電機和兩台28伏200安變壓整流器，以提供直流電。有太陽公司的輔助動力裝置。機載設備包括漢密爾頓標準公司的自動飛控系統，兩台數字式機載計算機和一個四通道自動駕駛儀。1993年底進行了改裝試飛，其設備包括4個馬可尼加拿大公司的CM A-2082 152毫米×152毫米彩色顯示器，並與GPS、多普勒雷達及姿態航向基準系統相聯。MH-53E的設備還有：AN/ALQ-14R拖曳式聲納，AN/AQS-17魚雷抑制設備，AN/ALQ-141電子掃雷裝置，用於爆破魚雷的AN/ALQ-166拖曳式水翼拖網。

克里斯Chris

Cut away view of CH-53E CH-53E剖析圖



該機採用兩台通用電氣公司的T64-GE-413渦軸發動機，單台推力3925馬力。單主旋翼加尾槳的普通佈局，機艙呈長立方體形狀，剖面為方形，有多個側門和一個大型放倒尾門方便裝卸工作。CH-53是美軍少數能在低能見度條件下借助機上設備在標準軍用基地自行起降的直升機之一。CH-53D已經由CH-53E型替代，所有D型則轉移到夏威夷陸戰隊基地做後備用途。CH-53和縱列雙旋翼的CH-46在今後的幾年內將逐步由MV-22「魚鷹」傾斜旋翼機替代。

點擊查看MH-53視頻資料：沒想到外表笨重的MH-53飛起來這麼靈活 美空軍MH-53介紹片 航展表演
A photo of CH-53E CH-53E型圖片：

克里斯Chris

The CH-53D Sea Stallion medium lift helicopter of Sikorsky Aircraft Division of United Technologies Corp was ordered in the early 1960s to satisfy a Marine Corps requirement for a heavy lift helicopter, First flight at Oct 14, 1964, became operational in Nov 1966. The photo up here is the second YCH-53A. CH-53D is designed to transport personnel, supplies and equipment in support of amphibious and shore operations, equipped with two General Electric T64-GE-413 turboshaft engines, 3,925 shaft horsepower each. It has since been replaced in the heavy lift mission by the CH-53E Super Stallion. The CH-53 is one of the few helicopters with an instrument landing system to enable landings in bad visibility to ILS-equipped air bases. All Marine Corps CH-53D helicopters are currently assigned to Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay. The CH-53D, along with the CH-46E, is slated for replacement by the MV-22 Osprey.

60年代初美海軍陸戰隊希望裝備一種重型運輸直升機，隨後西科斯基公司(Sikorsky Aircraft Division of United Technologies Corp)的CH-53D被選中，開始了H-53系列在海軍陸戰隊中的輝煌歷史。上圖為第二架YCH-53A原型機。CH-53D 1964年10月14日首飛，1966年十一月服役。CH-53「海上種馬」中型運輸直升機是美海軍直升機部隊的重要組成部分，承擔大量的兩棲運輸任務。CH-53常被佈置在海軍的兩棲攻擊艦上，是美海軍陸戰隊由艦到陸的主要突擊力量之一，在美軍兩棲作戰任務中起到非常關鍵的作用。目前早期型號的CH-53已經退役，現存的CH-53也在局部戰爭中消耗了大量的飛行壽命，因此美軍正在研製最新的CH-53K改型以填補空缺，並研製更加先進的後繼機型。

克里斯Chris

MH-53J Pave Low III

(文章來自：重型運輸機系列）

克里斯Chris

MH-53E Sea Dragon

克里斯Chris

克里斯Chris

MH/CH-53 TECHNICAL DATA:
External Dimensions

Main rotor diameter	24.08m
Main rotor blade chord	0.76m
Tail rotor diameter	6.10m
Tail rotor blade chord
Distance between rotor centres
Wing span
Wing aspect ratio
Length: overall, rotors turning	30.19m
fuselage length	22.35m
Width of fuselage	2.69m
Height: to top of rotor head	5.32m
Overall Height, (tail rotor turning)	8.97m
Ground clearance, main rotor, turning
Elevator span
Width over skids

Areas

Main rotor blades (each)
Tail rotor blades (each)
Main rotor disc	455.38m2
Tail rotor disc	29.19m2
Vertical fin
Horizontal tail surfaces

Weights and Loadings

Weight empty	16,482kg
Mission fuel load (usable)
Maximum useful load (fuel and disposable ordinance)
Maximum Take off and landing weight
Maximum disc loading
Maximum power loading

Performance :

Never -exceed speed (Vne)
Maximum level speed at S/L	170 knots
Rate of climb at S/L, OEI (25,000lb load)	762m/min
Service ceiling @ max continuous power	5,640m
Hovering ceiling @ max power:
IGE	3,520m
OGE	2,895m
Range at S/L with standard fuel, no reserves	1,120nm

克里斯Chris

MH-53E Sea Dragon

Airframe:

• Seven-blade main rotor
• Four-blade tail rotor
• Designed for land- and ship-based operations
• Empty weight: 36,745 pounds
• Maximum gross weight: 69,750 pounds
• Internal fuel capacity: 21,844 pounds (JP-5)
• Overall length: 99 ft 1/2 in
• Height: 28 ft 4 in
• Rotor diameter: 79 ft
• Can be configured for wheeled or palletized cargo
• Seats for 55 passengers or litters for 24 patients
• External cargo hook system rated for 36,000 pounds
• Capable of conducting air-to-air refueling

Engines:

• Three General Electric T64-GE-416/A turboshaft engines
• Each engine can produce 4,380 shaft horsepower

Performance:

• Maximum range (main fuel; SL; STD day): 700 nautical miles
• Maximum endurance (main fuel; SL; STD day): 6.6 hours
• Maximum allowable airspeed: 150 knots

Countermeasures:
Not applicable
Missions and Capabilities:

• Two primary missions—airborne mine countermeasures (AMCM) and vertical on-board delivery (VOD)
• AMCM mission includes: mine sweeping, mine neutralization, mine hunting, floating mine destruction, and channel marking.
• VOD mission includes transporting cargo, supplies, and personnel to/from ships and shore facilities.

Program Summary:

• U.S. Navy took delivery of the last of 48 MH-53Es in September 1994; 12 were procured for the Naval Reserve.
• Three fleet squadrons operate the MH-53E: HM-14 and HM-15 (combined active/reserve AMCM squadrons) and HC-4 (NAS Sigonella, Italy-based VOD squadron).
• Training conducted in HMT-302.
• A validation/verification contract was awarded in FY95 for the Global Positioning System/cockpit upgrade integration effort. This program, known as the MH-53E Navigation/Communication System, will meet GPS navigation requirements and will correct a mission navigation system deficiency.
• Three of four fleet retrofit contracts have been awarded for the T64-GE-419 engine upgrade program. Retrofit of the 419 engines are scheduled to commence in FY97. The 419 engine can produce 5,000 shaft horsepower and will correct a deficiency concerning one-engine-inoperative performance during AMCM operations.
• Additional H-53 generic modification programs include: the AN/ARC-210, No. 2 engine thermal detector, NVG compatible exterior lighting, tail rotor drive shaft disconnect coupling monitor, integrated mechanical diagnostic system, and a service life extension program.