『每日軍事武器鑑賞』－ 「夜鷹」F-117A 匿蹤轟炸機

克里斯Chris

F-117A Nighthawk


The F-117A Nighthawk is the world's first operational aircraft designed to exploit low-observable stealth technology. The unique design of the single-seat F-117A provides exceptional combat capabilities. About the size of an F-15 Eagle, the twin-engine aircraft is powered by two General Electric F404 turbofan engines and has quadruple redundant fly-by-wire flight controls. Air refuelable, it supports worldwide commitments and adds to the deterrent strength of the U.S. military forces.
The F-117A can employ a variety of weapons and is equipped with sophisticated navigation and attack systems integrated into a state-of-the-art digital avionics suite that increases mission effectiveness and reduces pilot workload. Detailed planning for missions into highly defended target areas is accomplished by an automated mission planning system developed, specifically, to take advantage of the unique capabilities of the F-117A.
Streamlined management by Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, combined breakthrough stealth technology with concurrent development and production to rapidly field the aircraft. The F-117A program has demonstrated that a stealth aircraft can be designed for reliability and maintainability. The aircraft maintenance statistics are comparable to other tactical fighters of similar complexity. Logistically supported by Sacramento Air Logistics Center, McClellan AFB, Calif., the F-117A is kept at the forefront of technology through a planned weapon system improvement program located at USAF Plant 42 at Palmdale, Calif. The Air Force thinking today is that it will phase out the Nighthawks after 2018.
The first F-117A was delivered in 1982, and the last delivery was in the summer of 1990. The F-117A production decision was made in 1978 with a contract awarded to Lockheed Advanced Development Projects, the "Skunk Works," in Burbank, Calif. The first flight was in 1981, only 31 months after the full-scale development decision. Lockheed-Martin delivered 59 stealth fighters to the Air Force between August 1982 and July 1990. Five additional test aircraft belong to the company.
Air Combat Command's only F-117A unit, the 4450th Tactical Group, achieved operational capability in October 1983. Since the F-117旧 first Air Force flight in 1982, the aircraft has flown under different unit designations, including the 4450th Tactical Group and the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing at Tonapah Test Range, NV; the 57th Fighter Weapons Wing, Nellis AFB, NV; the 410th Flight Test Squadron/410th Test Squadron, Palmdale, CA; and Detachment 1, Test Evaluation Group, also at Holloman, which falls under the 53rd Wing, Eglin AFB, FL.
The stealth fighter emerged from the classified world while stationed at Tonapah Airfield with an announcement by the Pentagon in November 1988 and was first shown publicly at Nellis in April 1990. The 4450th TG was deactivated in October 1989, and was reactivated as the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing.
In 1992 the F-117A Nighthawk made its new home at Holloman Air Force Base. The official arrival ceremony for the F-117 to Holloman AFB was conducted 09 May 1992. The 49th Fighter Wing (49FW) at Holloman serves as the only F-117 Home Station. The 49th Operations Group operates and maintains the F-117A aircraft. The 7th CTS "Screamin' Demons" serves as the transition training unit, preparing experienced Air Force pilots for assignment to the F-117A Nighthawk. The 8th and 9th Fighter Squadrons are designated to employ the F-117A Nighthawk in combat. Once an F-117 pilot has successfully completed training, he is then assigned to one of only two operational Nighthawk squadrons--the 8th FS "Black Sheep" and the 9th FS "Flying Knights." The 49FW provides full compliment of flightline maintenance capabilities as well as back-shop support. The F-117 deploys in support of contingency operations, as directed by National Command Authorities. Flightline maintenance support is deployed concurrent with the aircraft. Depending on the deployment duration, varying levels of back shop maintenance support may also be deployed.

[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-1-25 11:16 AM 編輯 ]

aesir

原來如此，照這樣子看來，Ｆ－１１７Ａ似乎不再是那麼“天下無敵”了。

克里斯Chris

原文由aesir 於 07-1-25 08:27 PM 發表
請問版主大大，以上的這一則新聞是多久以前的？我的印象中記得這好像是蠻久以前的事了。

很久了，是1999年發生的事情，因為原文有這篇資料，所以就連同墜毀圖片與影片附上。

至於是被擊落，或是出了意外，因為眾說紛紜，消息正確性得再另外查了。


「夜鷹」墜落

1999年3月24日：北約開始對當時的南聯盟（後改名為塞黑）發動大規模空襲。

3天後的27日，在那個沒有月光的夜晚，美國空軍一架F－117A型「夜鷹」隱形戰鬥機趁著夜色飛臨南聯盟首都貝爾格萊德上空。

然而，它再也沒有能夠飛回基地。雖然有著天時與科技的幫助，這只美軍自詡能夠「隱身」的「夜鷹」還是被達尼手下的一個防空導彈連發現。在遭一枚蘇制薩姆－3型「果阿」地對空導彈擊中後，這架F－117一頭栽到了地上，機上一名飛行員跳傘被俘。

這是自這種先進戰機1989年在美軍入侵巴拿馬行動中亮相以來，首次被敵方擊落。

「我們對20世紀60年代購買的薩姆導彈略作了一些改進，以便探測『夜鷹』，」達尼說。他拒絕透露有關這種導彈導航系統改進的細節，因為這仍屬於軍事秘密。這與「電磁波」有關，這就是他所願說出的全部內容。

aesir

請問版主大大，以上的這一則新聞是多久以前的？我的印象中記得這好像是蠻久以前的事了。

克里斯Chris

F-117 美國夜鷹隱形戰機碎片


北大西洋公約組織昨晚宣布，四天來對南斯拉夫聯邦共和國的空襲已擴大，北約聯軍將直接攻擊對科索沃的阿爾巴尼亞裔發動焦土戰爭的南聯部隊，從而使其空襲行動邁入一個更危險的階段。於此同時，一架美國空軍F-117A型「夜鷹」隱密戰鬥轟炸機在空襲南聯時被擊落墜毀。 北約戰機今天稍早也繼續自義大利境內的亞維諾空軍基地起飛，對南斯拉夫展開第五天空襲，其宣示的目標乃是制止科索沃省阿爾巴尼亞多數族裔遭屠殺。 　

南斯拉夫當局說，南聯部隊昨晚在首都貝爾格勒西北近四十公里處擊落一架美軍F-117A「夜鷹」隱密戰機。美國國防部則表示，該機墜毀的原因仍不明，但飛行員已由救援部隊救出。 這是美國在作戰中折損的首架隱密戰機，也是北約自廿四日空襲南斯拉夫以來首架已證實折損的戰機。但美國總統柯林頓表示北約仍將繼續執行其任務，而F-117A也將與役 。 　

南斯拉夫官方新聞社說，貝爾格勒今晨八時左右遭到北約的攻擊行動所造成的數起爆炸襲擊。北約戰機並向貝爾格勒的民用索辛機場鄰近地區發射了兩枚飛彈。 　與此同時，就在柯林頓指控塞爾維亞部隊對科索沃發動一場「殘忍軍事攻勢」之際，北約秘書長索拉納昨晚宣布進入「聯軍行動的第二階段」，即從攻擊南斯拉夫防空軍事設施，轉為以攻擊南國武裝部隊為主，但第一階段行動仍繼續進行。

克里斯Chris

美國：F-117A夜鷹匿蹤轟炸機


F-117A是美國洛克希德公司自1978年開始研製的單座亞音速隱形戰鬥機，主要用於攜帶雷射制導炸彈對地面目標實施夜間精確攻擊。

一、外形設計

F-117A採用了獨特的外形設計，機翼和全動蝶形尾翼均採用菱形翼剖面，且外形由很多折面組成，這些折面與鉛垂線的夾角約成30度，以便把雷達波上下偏轉出去。機身表面和轉折處的設計，使雷達反射波集中於水平面內的幾個窄波束，如此一來就能使兩個波束之間的「微弱信號」與背景噪音難以區別，這種窄波束使敵方雷達不能得到足夠的連續回波信號，而無法確定該飛機是一個實在目標或僅是一種瞬變噪音。

此外，F-117A的發動機進氣口和機身頂部邊緣與機翼前緣平行，尾噴口邊緣與機翼外側後緣平行，機身邊緣與發動機短艙邊緣平行，可避免波束直接向前反射。同時機體大量使用非金屬複合材料，外表塗有黑色吸收雷達波材料。

　

二、動力裝置

兩臺通用電氣公司F404-GE-FID2無加力式渦輪風扇發動機，單臺最大推力4898公斤。

三、主要機載設備

德克薩斯儀表公司的可收放的下視紅外感測器和雷射指示器以及雙視場的前視紅外感測器、IBM公司的AP-102任務計算機、GEC饣言i尼公司的飛行控制計算機／導航接口和自動駕駛計算機系統、霍尼韋爾公司的SPN-GEANS慣性導航系統（自1991年已被H-423/E環形雷射陀螺儀取代）和雷達高度表、擴展的數據傳輸系統和高度／方向參考系統，以及GPS和數字式活動地圖等。

　

四、武器

其內置的武器艙內，可以攜帶美國空軍戰術戰鬥機的全部武器，基本配置是：2枚908公斤重的炸彈；BLU-109B低空雷射制導炸彈或GBU-10/GBU-27雷射制導炸彈，還可裝AGM-65「幼畜」空地導彈和AGM-88反輻射導彈，也可以攜帶AIM-9「響尾蛇」飛彈。

　

五、尺寸數據

機長20.08公尺，機高3.78公尺，翼展13.20公尺，機翼面積84.8平方公尺，機翼前緣後掠角66度，展弦比2.05。

六、重量數據

空重13.381噸，內部武器載荷2.268噸，最大起飛重量23.814噸。

七、性能數據

最大平飛速度1040公里／小時，最大正常使用速度MO.9，作戰半徑（無空中加油，帶2.268噸武器）1056公里。

克里斯Chris

文章來自:機密第51-K9581特區 -

克里斯Chris

Air National Guard0Air Force Reserve0Totals44

Specifications
Primary Function	Fighter/attack
Contractor	Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Co.
Power Plant	Two General Electric F404 engines
Length	65 feet, 11 inches (20.3 meters)
Height	12 feet, 5 inches (3.8 meters)
Weight	52,500 pounds (23,625 kilograms)
Wingspan	43 feet, 4 inches (13.3 meters)
Speed	High subsonic
Range	Unlimited with air refueling
Armament	Internal weapons carriage Two each of: 2 MK84 2000-pound 2 GBU-10 Paveway II 2 GBU-12 Paveway II 2 GBU-27 Paveway III 2 BLU 109 2 WCMD 2 Mark 61
Unit Cost $FY98 [Total Program]	$122 million
Crew	One
Date Deployed	1982
Inventory As of Sept. 30, 2001	F-117YF-117PAITAIPAITAIActive Duty44	52	3	3
0	0	0
0	0	0
52	3	3

PMAI
Primary Mission Aircraft Inventory Only combat-coded aircraft and not development/ test, attrition reserve, depot maintenance, or training aircraft. 36 aircraft VRML 3-D Model
F-117A Nighthawk
VRML by Soji Yamakawa
F-117

克里斯Chris

The FY2003 budget continues to fund the Single Configuration Fleet (SCF) effort to develop a single, optimized low observable configuration for the F-117 fleet. Previously, the F117A fleet had two major radar absorbing material (RAM) coating configurations, costly and labor intensive panel access technology, and five leading edge configurations. The configuration developed for SCF features new leading edge technologies, spray-on coatings, new sheet RAMs, and new panel access technologies. Standardizing the configuration will preserve radar cross-section performance, reduce maintenance requirements, and eliminate the separate procedures each aircraft required previously. The SCF development contract was awarded June 1996, and all development and flight testing completed March 1999. Conversion began late 1999, with first deliver early 2000. Conversion will run through FY 2006.

In an effort to improve the combat effectiveness of the stealth fighter, test experts from the F-117 Combined Test Force at Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, Calif., are working to expand what it brings to the fight. On April 2 2002, developmental test experts in Palmdale teamed up with their operational counterparts from Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., to complete the second phase of a demonstration project designed to provide the F-117 and its pilots with the ability to receive and transmit mission and target data in real-time from the air. Phase one tests, completed in October of 1998, allowed a pilot to receive live-threat information and manually replan a mission from the cockpit. The second phase completed the test cycle by demonstrating the transmission of real-time mission and target data out of the cockpit and into the hands of command and control forces on the ground.

Until this testing, the potential time-critical combat capabilities of the F-117 had not been explored. The target data technology works by allowing the aircraft to receive and transmit tactical information on targets or pop-up threats via satellite communication. The fighter's ability to send and receive text and images enhances its combat flexibility yet does not compromise its stealth configuration.

克里斯Chris

The F-117A first saw action in December 1989 during Operation Just Cause in Panama. Two F-117A fighters targeted the field outside the Panamanian Defense Forces barracks at Rio Hato with BLU-109 2,000 lb. bombs to stun and disorient the troops quartered in those barracks in preparation for an assualt by US Army Rangers. Technical failures and communications mixups caused the pilots to miss their targets, dropping the bombs farther away from the barracks than intended.

The stealth fighter attacked the most heavily fortified targets during Desert Storm (January-February 1991) , and it was the only coalition jet allowed to strike targets inside Baghdad's city limits. The F-117A, which normally packs a payload of two 2,000-pound GBU-27 laser-guided bombs, destroyed and crippled Iraqi electrical power stations, military headquarters, communications sites, air defense operation centers, airfields, ammo bunkers, and chemical, biological and nuclear weapons plants.

Although only 36 stealth fighters were deployed in Desert Storm and accounted for 2.5 percent of the total force of 1,900 fighters and bombers, they flew more than a third of the bombing runs on the first day of the war. In all during Desert Storm, the stealth fighter conducted more than 1,250 sorties, dropped more than 2,000 tons of bombs, and flew more than 6,900 hours. More than 3,000 antiaircraft guns and 60 surface-to-air missile batteries protected the city, but despite this seemingly impenetrable shield, the Nighthawks owned the skies over the city and, for that matter, the country. The stealth fighter, which is coated with a secret, radar-absorbent material, operated over Iraq and Kuwait with impunity, and was unscathed by enemy guns.

F-117 fighters deployed to the Gulf several times during the late 1990's to support U.S. attacks against Iraq designed to deprive Saddam Hussein of his Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) programs and to force his compliance with the UN monitoring regime. F-117 fighters deployed to the Gulf during Operation Desert Fox to upgrade the strike force's capability to attack high-value targets. But the 18 hour flight from the F-117s' home base to Kuwait meant that the operation was over before the F-117 aircraft arrived in the Gulf.

On 22 January 1997 Lockheed Martin delivered the first F-117A with the "RNIP-Plus"-navigation system from Honeywell after it had been overhauled in Palmdale (California). The F-117A now operates with laser gyroscopes and a GPS receiver, giving the aircraft a much higher precision than the inertia platforms did, which were previously used and which could show deviations of several hundred meters during a flight. Apart from this, the old system was more expensive to maintain.

In the opening phase of Allied Force, aimed primarily at Yugoslavia's integrated air defense system, NATO air forces conducted more than 400 sorties. During the first two night attacks, allied troops in the air and at sea struck 90 targets throughout Yugoslavia and in Kosovo. F-117 Nighthawks from the 8th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron at Holloman Air Force Base NM participated in air strikes against targets in the Balkans during NATO operations. One F-117 fighter was lost over Yugoslavia on 27 March 1999. A US search and rescue team picked up the pilot several hours after the F-117 went down outside Belgrade. Serbian air defenses managed to string together a series of brief sightings, perhaps starting as early as the F-117's takeoff in Italy, to project the F-117's course and loft an anti-aircraft missile at the F-117 when it was most vulnerable. On 01 April 1999, Defense Secretary William Cohen directed 12 more F-117 stealth fighters to join NATO Operation Allied Force, to join the total of 24 F-117s that were participating in NATO Operation Allied Force.

In December 2001, TRW and Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Company completed a series of success F-117 flight tests evaluating the ability for commerical off the shelf (COTS) technology combined with COTS emulation technology to execute the existing F-117 Operational Flight Plan (OFP). TRW's Reconfigurable Processor for Legacy Applications Code Execution (RePLACE) emulates legacy hardware on more modern hardware, allowing that modern hardware to run legacy applications without changes. This technology offers the potential for low-cost, low-risk, incremental upgrades to aircraft processing power. In the F-117 demonstrations, the technology performed flawlessly, requiring no updates, generating no anomalies, and surprising the evaluators.