『 陸軍武器 』－ M1 艾布蘭（M1 Abrams）主戰坦克

克里斯Chris

M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank


M1小動畫

The M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank (MBT) is the namesake of the late General Creighton W. Abrams, former Army Chief of Staff and commander of the 37th Armored Battalion. It is the backbone of the armored forces of the United States military, and several of US allies as well. The purpose of this vehicle is to provide mobile firepower for armored formations of sufficient capability to successfully close with and destroy any opposing armored fighting vehicle in the world, while providing protection for it's crew in any conceivable combat environment. It is capable of engaging the enemy in any weather, day or night on the multi-dimensional, non-linear battlefield using its firepower, manuever, and shock effect. The Abrams Tank System synchronizes its high tempo, distributed manuever via its digitized situational awareness and the fusion of onboard and remote battlefield sensors.

Production of M1A1 tanks for the US Army is complete. Over 8,800 M1 and M1A1 tanks have been produced for the US Army and Marine Corps, and the armies of Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Production of new M1A1 and M1A2 Abrams tanks is in its final phase for Foreign Military Sales. Three versions of the Abrams tank are currently in service the original M1 model, dating from the early 1980s, and two newer versions, designated M1A1 and M1A2. The M1A1 series, produced from 1985 through 1993, replaced the M1旧 105mm main gun with a 120mm gun and incorporated numerous other enhancements, including an improved suspension, a new turret, increased armor protection, and a nuclear-chemical-biological protection system. The newer M1A2 series includes all of the M1A1 features plus a commander旧 independent thermal viewer, an independent commander旧 weapon station, position navigation equipment, and a digital data bus and radio interface unit providing a common picture among M1A2s on the battlefield.

In lieu of new production, the Army is upgrading approximately 1,000 older M1 tanks to the M1A2 configuration. The Army also initiated a modification program for the M1A2 to enhance its digital command and control capabilities and to add the second generation forward looking infrared (FLIR) sights to improve the tank's fightability and lethality during limited visibility. This system enhancement program will be fielded in the 2000 time frame concurrently with the M2A3 Bradley and other advanced digital systems. The initial M1A2 fielding to the First Calvary Division, Ft. Hood, TX, is underway. The Army will continue to field M1A2s to the CONUS contingency corps and other first to fight units into the next decade.

克里斯Chris

不同型號的差別


M1 M1IP M1A1 M1A2 M1A2 SEP
長度 9.77米
闊度 3.66米
高度 2.37米 2.44米
極速 72公里/小時 67公里/小時 68公里/小時
行動距離 498公里  465公里 391公里  
重量 55.7噸 57噸 61.3噸 62.1噸 63.0噸
主要武器 105毫米M68線膛炮 120毫米M256滑膛炮
乘員 4 (車長、砲手、裝填手、駕駛員)

克里斯Chris

乘員

M1艾布蘭主戰坦克內4名乘員的搭乘位置。

駕駛員在車體前方中央
裝填手在砲塔的左後方
砲手在砲塔的右前方
車長在砲塔的右後方


改進及強化套件

XM1 (Experimental model 試驗型)-1978年，共製造9架。
M1 -原型，於1979年開始生產，直至1985年。
M1IP (Improvment Production 改進型) -1984年開始生產，升級及重新設定。
M1A1 -於1986年開始生產，直至1992年。
M1A1HC (Heavy Common) -裝有貧鈾裝甲、內艙增壓系統、M256 120毫米滑膛炮。
M1A1-D (Digital 電子數位化) -M1A1HC的電子數位升級版本，類似M1A2 SEP。
M1A1-AIM (Abrams Integrated Management 艾布蘭綜合管理系統) -替舊有的艾布蘭重新設定歸零。[1]
M1A2 (Baseline 基線) -於1992年開始生產。
M1A2 SEP (System Enhancement Package 系統提升套裝) -包括換裝第三代石墨識別功能的貧鈾裝甲。
M1 Grizzly Engineer Vehicle -M1灰熊工程車[2]
M1 Panther II Remote Controlled Mine Clearing Vehicle -M1豹II遙控排雷車。[3]
M104 Wolverine Heavy Assault Bridge -M104狼獾重型架橋車。[4]
M1 Panther II Mine Clearing Blade/Roller System -M1豹II排雷刀片滾輾排雷車。
M1 Assault Breacher Vehicle -M1防暴車。
M1 Armored Recovery Vehicle -M1裝甲回收車，只有試驗型。

克里斯Chris

裝甲

M1A1戰車的裝甲是M1對應HEAT的空間裝甲；M1A1是對應芯鐵彈芯APFSDS的無拘束陶瓷；M1A1（HA）/M1A2則對應鎢/貧鈾彈芯APFSDS的貧鈾裝甲。 部份從戰場回來的官兵出現了「海灣戰爭綜合症」(巴爾幹症候群)，而貧鈾彈被懷疑是病原的物質，但美國政府認為兩者沒有關係。

克里斯Chris

歴史

M1艾布蘭是由美國克萊斯勒防務公司（Chrysler Defense Division）開發設計，美國陸軍在1980年初開始引入。由於安裝了燃氣渦輪引擎成為了新奇的特徴。初期型的M1及M1裝甲改良型的的IPM1使用了裝備M68A1的51倍徑105毫米線膛砲為主砲。



M1A1
火力強化版的M1A1在1985年引入。裝備了由德國萊茵金屬公司（Rheinmetall）授權生產的M256主砲，該炮是改良自豹2配備的44倍徑120毫米滑膛砲。M1配備了含有貧鈾的翼穩脫殼穿甲彈M829系列，運用這種高密度的金屬能夠使砲彈穿透更厚的裝甲。



M1A2
M1A1的改良版是M1A2，配備車長獨立熱像儀（Commander Independent Thermal Vision, CITV）與車間資訊系統（Inter-Vehicular Information System, IVIS），還有其他高科技電子設備。舊型的M1和M1A1，依次改裝為M1A2和M1A2 SEP。M1A2的改進計畫SEP（System Enhanced Package）在1999年開始。


M1A2 TUSK
現在開發給城市戰的強化元件稱為TUSK（Tank Urban Survival Kit）。為了對抗單兵攜帶式反坦克武器發射成形裝藥彈，因此在裝甲比較脆弱的部分加強防禦，例如在側裙加上爆炸反應裝甲及在車體後部加上柵欄。另外在砲塔上車長使用的12.7毫米重機槍加上遙控操作設備，裝填手使用的7.62毫米機槍則加上具有夜視瞄準儀的防護盾，從而加大在近戰中的存活性。

性能限定的M1A2出口到科威特、沙烏地阿拉伯，而M1A1則出口到埃及和澳洲。

M1在1991年的海灣戰爭經由沙烏地阿拉伯初次投入戰場，而其性能上大幅度勝過它的對手伊拉克所配備蘇聯製造的戰車T-72、T-62和T-55。由於它能在3,000米有效射擊範圍外射擊（敵方的射程以外），因此不太受到反擊，而M1的損失只是十數輛。由於M1沒有敵我識別裝置，所以在沙塵飛舞的沙漠中發生誤中友軍的事件。因此損失中的半數被認為是由於友軍誤擊。（敵我識別裝置成為M1發展型M1A1的標準裝備。）

克里斯Chris

M1艾布蘭
維基百科，自由的百科全書

M1艾布蘭（M1 Abrams）主戰坦克是美國陸軍和美國海軍陸戰隊主要的作戰坦克，M1艾布蘭在1980年左右開始發展，其家族主要有M1、M1A1和M1A2。而最新的型號是M1A2，它有全新的裝甲和電子設備。艾布蘭名字由來是前任的美國陸軍參謀長和第37裝甲團指揮官克雷頓·艾布蘭上將。M1艾布蘭的出現是為了取代M60巴頓系列坦克。

主要設定乘員4人
(車長、砲手、裝填手、駕駛)長度9.78米 (26呎)闊度3.64米 (12呎)高度2.43米 (8呎)重量63.0噸裝甲與武器裝甲複合裝甲主要武器120毫米M256滑膛砲次要武器12.7毫米M2重機槍 x1、
7.62毫米M240機槍 x2
(裝填手、同軸)機動性發動機AGT-1500燃氣渦輪發動機
1,500匹 (1119千瓦)懸掛系統扭力桿平地時速72公里/小時馬力/重量24匹/噸行動距離465公里

克里斯Chris

Operations and Support
While the M1A2 SEP and M1A1D provide improved combat capabilities overmatch; the Army is working to improve reliability, reduce logistical footprint, and lower Operations and Support [O&S] costs for the tank. This effort is focused on two initiatives that provide the force with the biggest "bang for the buck" in terms of O&S cost reduction, readiness improvement, and sustainment of combat overmatch. These initiatives include the following Abrams Engine Campaign and the Abrams Integrated Management Overhaul Program (AIM):

. The AGT 1500 engine has served the Abrams tank well. It afforded a significant combat edge due to its lightweight, power, and stealth. However, the AGT 1500 is getting old and the fleet faces problems in maintaining this workhorse. The AGT 1500 represents 1960s technology and has been out of production since 1992. Declining reliability causes the engine to account for around 64% of the Abrams tank reparable O&S costs. The Army is focusing on the engine as a major element in easing the maintenance burden for the force while substantially reducing O&S costs.

PM Abrams has developed a two-phased program to improve engine readiness and lower costs. The first phase makes innovative use of a partnership with PM/AMC/industry to overhaul the existing AGT 1500 engine/components. This program is termed PROSE (Partnership for Reduced O&S Costs, Engine). Under PROSE, the government will "team" with the original equipment manufacturer to reengineer the production process and improve field support. The contractor provides quality parts and expert technical support, and the government (our depots) provides the skilled labor and facilities.

The second phase of the engine initiative involves replacing the AGT 1500 engine with a new engine. There is great potential for improved tank readiness and long term O&S cost reduction in the implementation of this phase. This approach will not be cheap and will require a major decision by the Army. A 2 billion-dollar investment is required to replace the current engine with a new engine in the active component along, with a potential savings of 13 billion over the remaining life of the tank.

The PROSE process is expected to improve reliability by 30%. The benefits of the new engine are much more dramatic - the Army could achieve a 4-5 fold improvement in reliability, hopefully a 35% reduction in fuel consumption, a 42% reduction in the number of parts, and a 15-20% improvement in vehicle mobility. Life cycle engine O&S costs are projected to drop from 16 billion dollars over 30 years with the current engine to 3 billion dollars with the new engine.

The second piece of our O&S cost reduction strategy is the Abrams Integrated Management (AIM) program. The AIM process overhauls an old M1A1 tank to original factory standards, applying all applicable MWO旧. The AIM Proof of Principle was completed in 1997, proving the cost-effectiveness of the concept and helping to define the scope. The AIM tank demonstrated an 18% O&S cost savings when compared to non-AIM tanks. The AIM overhaul concept is a cost-effective solution to address the problems of rising tank sustainment costs and increasing readiness concerns.

克里斯Chris

M1A2 三視圖 & 圖集

克里斯Chris

System Enhancement Program upgrades are intended to:
improve target detection, recognition and identification with the addition of two 2nd generation FLIRs.
incorporate an under armor auxiliary power unit to power the tank and sensor suites.
incorporate a thermal management system to provide crew and electronics cooling.
increase memory and processor speeds and provide full color map capability.
provide compatibility with the Army Command and Control Architecture to ensure the ability to share command & control and situational awareness with all components of the combined arms team.
Additional weight reduction, embedded battle command, survivability enhancement, signature management, safety improvement, and product upgrade modifications to the M1A2 will comprise the "M1A2 Tank FY 2000" configuration fielded to units of the digital division beginning in FY 2000.

The M1A2 IOT&E was conducted from September-December 1993 at Fort Hood, TX and consisted of a gunnery phase and a maneuver phase. The Director determined that the test was adequate, the M1A2 was operationally effective, but not operationally suitable and unsafe. That assessment was based on poor availability and reliability of the tank, instances of the uncommanded tube and turret movement, inadvertent .50 caliber machine gun firing, and hot surfaces which caused contact burns.

FOT&E #1 was conducted in September-October 1995 in conjunction with the New Equipment Training for two battalion sized units. Despite assurances from the Army that all corrective actions were applied, numerous instances of uncommanded tube and turret movement, Commander's Independent Display (CID) lockup and contact burns continued during FOT&E #1. The follow-on test was placed on hold and the Army "deadlined" the two battalions of M1A2 tanks at Fort Hood for safety reasons. The PM isolated 30 "root causes" of the safety problems and completed hardware and software upgrades in June 1996 which were assessed in FOT&E #2.

The M1A2 TEMP was approved during 2QFY98. This TEMP includes a coordinated plan for FOT&E #3 of the M1A2 in conjunction with the IOT&E of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle in FY99 at Fort Hood, TX. This combined operational test will consist of 16 force-on-force battles between a Bradley Fighting Vehicle System-A3/M1A2 SEP combined arms team and M1A1/ Bradley-ODS combined arms team. Additionally, it will serve as the operational test for the 2d Generation FLIR. This approach implements the Secretary of Defense theme of combining testing in order to save resources and ensure a more realistic operational environment.

The Army and DOT&E completed vulnerability assessment efforts and concluded that the "M1A2 Tank FY 2000" is a significant change from the original M1A2 design and will require a system-level survivability evaluation. This evaluation will rely on full-up system level testing of two systems, component and sub-system level testing, modeling and simulation, existing data, and previous testing to assess susceptibility and vulnerability of the "M1A2 Tank FY 2000" and its crew to the expected threat and to assess battle damage repair capabilities.

The M1A2 Abrams Tank with the corrective actions applied by the Program Manager during FY96 is assessed to be operationally effective and suitable. The availability, reliability, fuel consumption, and safety problems observed in previous testing have been corrected. FOT&E #2 was adequately conducted in accordance with approved test plans and the Abrams TEMP. There were no observed instances of the uncommanded tube and turret movement, inadvertent .50 caliber machine gun firing, and hot surfaces which caused contact burns in previous testing.

The largest area of technical risk to the program is the development of the Embedded Battle Command software which is intended to provide friendly and enemy situational awareness and shared command & control information throughout the combined arms team. This software is being developed as a Horizontal Technology Insertion program and will be provided to the weapon systems and C2 nodes of the combined arms team in FY00. This development schedule is high risk and could adversely impact the M1A2 schedule.

克里斯Chris

Another improvement in the M1A2 SEP is the Thermal Management System (TMS) which keeps the temperature within the crew compartment under 95 degrees and the touch temperature of electronic units under 125 degrees during extreme conditions. By reducing the temperature in the crew compartment for the crew and electronic units, this increases the operational capability for both soldiers and the vehicle. The TMS consists of an Air Handling Unit (AHU) and a Vapor Compression System Unit (VCSU) capable of providing 7.5 Kilowatts of cooling capacity for the crew and Line Repairable Units (LRUs). The AHU is mounted in the turret bustle and the VCSU is mounted forward of the Gunner's Primary Sight (GPS). The TMS uses enviromentally friendly R134a refrigerant and propylene glycol/water mixture to maintain the LRU touch temperature at less than 140 degrees Fahrenheit. The TMS is mounted in the left side of turret bussel and weighs 384 pounds.

The Army requires that all systems operate in the Army Common Operating Environment (ACOE) to improve combined arms operations. Digitization and information dominance across the entire Army for tactical elements is accomplished using Force XXI Battle Command for Brigade and Below (FBCB2) software. In Abrams, FBCB2 software is hosted on a separate card that enables situational awareness across the entire spectrum of tactical operation. It improves message flow, through 34 joint variable message formats, reports ranging from contact reports to logistic roll ups, as well as automatically providing vehicle location to friendly systems. The SEP allows for digital data dissemination with improved ability to optimize information based operations and maintain a relevant common picture while executing Force XXI full dimensional operation. This enhancement increases capability to control the battlefield tempo while improving lethality and survivability. Finally to ensure crew proficiency is maintained, each Armor Battalion is fielded an improved Advanced Gunnery Training System (AGTS) with state-of-the-art graphics.


Changes to the M1A2 Abrams Tank contained in the System Enhancement Program (SEP) and "M1A2 Tank FY 2000" configuration are intended to improve lethality, survivability, mobility, sustainability and provide increased situational awareness and command & control enhancements necessary to provide information superiority to the dominant maneuver force. The Abrams Tank and the Bradley Fighting Vehicle are two central components of the dominant maneuver digital force.

砲臺上的裝備