『每日軍事武器鑑賞』－ T-45「蒼鷹」艦載教練機

克里斯Chris

T-45 Goshawk

The T-45A aircraft, the Navy version of the British Aerospace Hawk aircraft, is used for intermediate and advanced portions of the Navy pilot training program for jet carrier aviation and tactical strike missions. The T-45A replaces the T-2 Buckeye trainer and the TA-4 trainer with an integrated training system that includes the T-45 Goshawk aircraft, operations and instrument fighter simulators, academics, and training integration system.

Selected as the basis for the airplane portion of the Navy's VTXTS jet training system, the British Aerospace Hawk is well established as the Royal Air Force's (RAF) principal jet trainer, and has also found a similar niche with other countries' air forces. One of several multipurpose trainer/light ground attack aircraft developed in various European countries during the seventies, it was found adaptable to the U.S. Navy's training role, including carrier operations, with a minimum of aerodynamic modification --a tribute to the excellent characteristics of the basic design.


The Hawk's beginnings go back to the late sixties when Hawker Siddeley (one of the predecessor companies of today's British Aerospace) began design studies for a prospective new RAF jet trainer suitable for basic/advanced training and also for strike/weapon delivery mission type training. The RAF settled on its final requirements in 1970 and Hawker Siddeley's final HS-1182 design proposal was the winner of the subsequent competition. In the spring of 1972, development and a total of 176 airplanes were ordered.

Powered by a 5,200-pound-thrust Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca Adour turbofan engine, the new trainer featured a compact, low-wing configuration, with the instructor in a raised position behind the student, both under a large single-piece, sideway-opening canopy, providing excellent visibility. Five external stores stations accommodate a wide variety of weapons, including a 30mm gun pod as one of the alternates on the fuselage centerline station.

While construction was fairly conventional, every effort was devoted to improving the reliability and maintainability of the new trainer through appropriate selection of operating system design and components and their installation.

The first Hawk made its initial flight on 21 August 1974, flying at that year's Farnborough show in early September. Subsequent aircraft joined the flight development program which resulted in minor modifications--enlargement of the ventral fins being one of the more obvious changes -- by the time the Hawk T.1s went into RAF training squadron service in late 1976. Assignment to the tactical weapons unit followed in 1978.

克里斯Chris

Meanwhile, one extra Hawk had been registered for company use as G-Hawk, while the Mk 50 series export Hawk found customers in various parts of the world. Finland was the first foreign purchaser, with plans for production there. Active NavAir interest in the Hawk as one candidate for possible replacement of T-2s and TA-4s in the Training Command began in 1977 as part of a general study of what could be accomplished through various alternatives, including new development as well as derivatives of the newly-developed European advanced jet trainers. In 1978, the VTXTS program was initiated and McDonnell Douglas' Douglas Aircraft Company proposed jointly with British Aerospace a carrier-suitable version of the Hawk as one of their approaches for the VTXTS initial 4 competition. With this proposal selected as the winner, another British Aerospace design has found its place in Naval Aviation alongside the already well-known Harrier.

Over the next few years the T-45 Goshawk will first replace the TA-4J Skyhawk in the Advanced Jet Training Program and then replace the T-2 Buckeye in the Intermediate Jet Pilot Training Program. The Goshawk Training System combines academic, simulation, and flight phases into an integrated computer-based training approach that greatly improves training efficiency and safety. In the long run, the Navy projects savings of more than $400 million by completing the acquisition and delivery of new T-45's by the year 2002 instead of 2005.

克里斯Chris

Specifications
Contractor	Boeing [McDonnell Douglas] - prime British Aerospace (airframe) Rolls-Royce (engine)
Wing span	30 feet 8 inches
Length	38 feet 9 inches
Height	13 feet 1 inch
Max grossweight	13,000 pounds (5,897 kg) approx.
Internal fuel capacity	2,893 pounds (1,312 kg)
Powerplant	Rolls-Royce F405.RR-401 Adour Mk. 871 5,845 pounds (26.0 kN) Thrust
Speed	maximum: 560 knots 0.85 Mach Max level flight speed
Ceiling	50,000 feet
Range	maximum: 1,400 nautical miles
Power plant	one Rolls-Royce Adour Mk 851 turbofan engine
Crew	one instructor, one student
Design life	14,400 flight hours (20 years at 720 hours per year in a "carrier environment")

克里斯Chris

(文章來自：美國海軍訓練機）

克里斯Chris

T-45是美國海軍的單發串列雙座教練機，是其噴氣飛行訓練體制(VTXTS)的主要組成部分。該訓練體制於1979年6月提出，1981年11月，美國海軍選擇了原麥·道公司(現已並入波音公司)道格拉斯飛機分公司為VTXTS計劃中高級教練機的主要承包商，與子承包商英國航宇公司一起合作製造T-45。


1984年10月T-45進入全尺寸發展階段，兩架原型機中的一架於1988年4月在位於尤馬的原麥·道公司試飛中心首次試飛，不斷地試驗和改進一直持續到1991年初，首架生產型T-45A與1991年11月交付美國海軍使用。


　　T-45是在英國航宇公司「鷹」60系列基礎上研製的，機體、動力裝置和電子設備做了必要的改動，以滿足美國海軍的技術要求：前、主起落架重新設計，增設阻攔鉤並加強機體，前起落架加裝彈射起飛梁，以滿足艦上起落的要求；機身後部兩側裝有減速板；將原來「鷹」系列的雙腹鰭改為單腹鰭，並可作為阻攔鉤的整流裝置；機載電子設備和顯示器能滿足高級訓練要求。